Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals Population Structure, Genetic Diversity, and Selection Signatures in Kazakh Dromedary and Bactrian Camels

Abstract

Simple Summary Camels are well adapted to harsh environments and are important for livestock production in arid and semi-arid regions. However, the genetic characteristics of Kazakh camel populations remain poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed whole-genome sequences of Kazakh dromedary and Bactrian camels and compared them with camel populations from other regions. We found that Kazakh camels exhibited relatively high genetic diversity and lower levels of inbreeding than several comparison populations. We also identified candidate genes potentially associated with environmental adaptation, including genes related to energy metabolism, thermoregulation, and muscle function. The findings improve our understanding of the origin, breeding history, and environmental adaptation of Kazakh camels. The results may support the conservation of local camel genetic resources and help develop more effective breeding programs for productivity, resilience, and sustainable camel farming.