Cardiovascular risk factors in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective study

Abstract

Introduction Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease with high prevalence worldwide and is considered a major cardiovascular risk factor. Objective To determine cardiovascular risk factors in adults with controlled and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Material and methods Retrospective descriptive study. Data regarding age, gender, disease duration, cardiovascular risk factors, and laboratory findings were gathered from a final sample of 518 patients (from an initial sample of 560). The study included patients of both sexes treated between 2024 and 2025. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests were applied. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors specifically associated with poor metabolic control (HbA1c > 7%). A p< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results 58.2% of patients > 65 years of age had hypertension as a risk factor. In the 51-65 age group, 60% had three risk factors (hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemia). 57.9% of patients were female. The average duration of the disease is >10 years, and more than 50% of patients have poor metabolic control (HbA1c >7%). 85% of patients receive nephroprotection with ARA II. Albuminuria <30 mg/g was predominant in 83.2% of cases, and stage G1 chronic kidney disease in 70.8%. This pathology is associated with diabetes mellitus regardless of HbA1c values. Among patients with chronic kidney disease, 23% are stage G1 and have albuminuria < 30 mg/g, and 39.9% are stage G2. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that age (p= 0.03), disease duration (p= 0.00), and hypertension (p=0.01) are associated with poor metabolic control. Also, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that albuminuria is a factor associated with poor glycemic control (p<0.05). Conclusions Cardiovascular risk factors associated with uncontrolled T2D are age >65 years old, disease duration >10 years, and hypertension. Albuminuria and chronic kidney disease are associated with T2D regardless of metabolic control.