Microalgae-Based Bioremediation of Microplastic-Contaminated Industrial Wastewater: Mechanisms and Challenges

Abstract

Microalgae-based bioremediation presents a promising eco-friendly approach for removing microplastics (MPs) from industrial effluents. This review summarizes the current understanding on this subject. The article begins by describing the characteristics and origins of MPs in industrial discharges. It then reviews documented mechanisms of microalgae–MP interactions, including adsorption/biosorption, bioflocculation, accumulation, and partial degradation. Important environmental and operational factors that influence treatment efficiency—such as MP size and charge, algal species, and culture conditions—are analysed. Additionally, the article discusses analytical methods necessary for MP characterization and monitoring performance. Microalgae-based methods are contrasted with traditional physical and chemical processes, highlighting the potential value of the processed biomass (such as bioenergy and biofertilizers) to showcase a circular bioeconomy approach. The review concludes by pinpointing key research gaps and offering recommendations for standardizing experimental procedures and encouraging the adoption of microalgal systems within sustainable wastewater treatment strategies.