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The Displacement Current Is Not a Current ── Not One Charge Crosses between the Plates, and Still a Magnetic Field Stands ── The Field Computed from Inside and from Outside Meets Exactly at the Rim ── [Paper 267]

Aug 2026 · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Quantum and Classical Electrodynamics

Abstract

Between the plates of a charging capacitor, not one charge crosses. And still a magnetic field stands there. This paper asks what, then, a current is──the answer is not the motion of charge. What closes Ampere's law is what has been called a current. No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed. Scope of this paper (scope note): No new mathematical theorem and no new law is claimed──the Ampere-Maxwell law, the displacement current, and the field of a parallel-plate capacitor are all standard. No electromagnetism is built──what is used is one line integral and the comparison of two expressions. Maxwell's equations are not derived──Paper 93 treats the discovery of the field and Paper 116 the exponent of c. This paper receives the equations as a premise and asks only after the standing of one term. No physical medium is posited for the displacement current──neither an ether nor a polarisation of the vacuum is invoked. Only the behaviour of a term in an equation is treated. The relativistic treatment is not entered──that displacement and conduction currents exchange with the observer is mentioned but not formalised. Edge effects are not treated──the plates are taken as large with no fringing, and the numbers are values inside that idealisation. The standing of epsilon_0 is not discussed──since the SI revision of 2019, epsilon_0 is a measured quantity. This paper uses it as a conversion constant and does not make its standing a subject. The 4pi in mu_0 is not called a discovery──mu_0=4pix10^-7 comes from the choice of units. Paper 116 treated the non-uniqueness of 4pi, and this paper follows it in writing that this one is a choice of units. Relation to earlier papers: Paper 02 showed that a pure solid angle 4pi appears in an inverse-square field──Section 6 here looks at the 4pi in mu_0 and writes that its standing is not the same. Paper 116 treated the non-uniqueness of 4pi──this paper follows that and claims no credit for the 4pi here. Paper 258 wrote the condition for 4pi to appear as three items──this paper stands on the side where the condition is not met. Paper 240 counted “mass” as seven things──this paper writes that “current” does not have one meaning. Paper 201 counted “complete” as four different claims──the same shape of division. What is added is stating explicitly that the crossing charge is 0 A, computing the field between the plates at each distance, confirming that the inside and outside expressions agree at 4.0000 muT on the rim, and treating the 4pi of mu_0 as a choice of units and writing that its standing differs from the 4pi of Paper 02. First, count the charge that crosses. The conduction current in the wire is 1 A, and the charge crossing between the plates is 0 A (Section 2). Second, this is the core of the paper. The charge is zero and a field stands anyway. With plates of radius 5 cm and I=1 A, the field 1 cm from the axis is 0.8000 muT (Section 3). Third, the field grows in proportion to the distance from the axis. At 1,2,3,4,5 cm it is 0.8000,1.6000,2.4000,3.2000,4.0000 muT──the same form as inside a current-carrying wire (Section 3). Fourth, the two meet exactly at the rim. At r=5 cm, the inside expression and the outside expression both give 4.0000 muT──the side where no charge crosses and the side where it does return the same value (Section 4). Fifth, epsilon_0 dPhi_E/dt equals the conduction current exactly. What makes them agree is the conversion constant epsilon_0=8.8541878x10^-12 (Section 5). Sixth, a 4pi sits here too. mu_0=4pix10^-7=1.2566371x10^-6──a solid angle sits inside the constant that fixes the size of the field (Section 6). the displacement current was not a current. The charge crossing between the plates is 0 A, and there is nothing to carry it. Still the field stands, rising in proportion to r and reaching 4.0000 muT at the rim──and computing with the outside expression, where charge does cross, returns the same 4.0000 muT. The epsilon_0 cancels and dQ/dt remains, so the two agree exactly and not approximately. So the word “current” carries two definitions──the motion of charge and what closes Ampere's law. And the 4pi inside mu_0 likewise differs in standing from the 4pi that came out of geometry──this one is embedded in the definition of a unit. One thing separates them──writing down which of the two definitions the word is being used in. Write it down, and the occasions for looking for charge separate from those for counting terms in an equation. Do not write it down, and one goes on searching for something crossing a place where nothing does. On the making of this work: The ideas and content of this work stem from the author's own considerations. Assistance from an AI (a large language model) was used for structuring, English translation, and checking the algebra. Any remaining errors or misinterpretations are solely the author's. Feedback and corrections are sincerely appreciated. ----- 充電中のコンデンサの板のあいだには、電荷が一つも渡っていない。それでも、そこには磁場が立っている。本稿が問うのは、では「電流」とは何なのかである──答は、電荷の移動ではない。アンペール則を閉じるものが電流と呼ばれている。新しい数学定理も新しい法則も主張しない。 本稿の射程(射程注記):新しい数学定理も新しい法則も主張しない──アンペール=マクスウェル則、変位電流、平行平板コンデンサの磁場は、いずれも標準的である。電磁気学を作らない──使うのは一つの周回積分と、二つの式の突き合わせだけである。マクスウェル方程式を導かない──論文93 が場という発見を、論文116 が c の冪を扱う。本稿は方程式を前提として受け取り、その一項の身分だけを問う。変位電流に物理的な媒質を仮定しない──エーテルも、真空の分極も持ち出さない。扱うのは式の項としての振る舞いだけである。相対論的な扱いに立ち入らない──変位電流と伝導電流が観測者によって入れ替わることには触れるが、定式化しない。端の効果を扱わない──板は十分大きく、縁の漏れは無視している。数値は理想化の内側の値である。 epsilon_0 の身分を論じない──2019 年のSI改定以降 epsilon_0 は測定量である。本稿は換算係数として使うだけで、その身分を主題にしない。 mu_0 の 4pi を発見だと言わない──mu_0=4pix10^-7 は単位系の取り方から来る。論文116 が 4pi の非一意性を扱っており、本稿もそれを踏まえて「単位の選択である」と書く。既刊との関係:論文02 は逆二乗場に純粋立体角 4pi が現れることを示した──本稿の第6節は mu_0 の中の 4pi を見るが、そちらは単位の選択であって同じ身分ではないと書く。論文116 は 4pi の非一意性を扱った──本稿はその指摘に従い、mu_0 の 4pi を手柄にしない。論文258 は 4pi が出る条件を三つに書き出した──本稿は条件を満たさない例の側に立つ。論文240 は「質量」が七つあることを数えた──本稿は「電流」が一つの意味ではないことを書く。論文201 は「完備」が四つの別の主張であることを数えた──同じ形の分け方である。加えたのは渡る電荷が 0 A であることを明示したこと、板の中の磁場を距離ごとに計算したこと、縁で内外の式が 4.0000 muT で一致することを確かめたこと、mu_0 の 4pi を単位の選択として扱い、論文02 の 4pi と身分が違うと書いたことである。 第一に、渡っている電荷を数える。導線を流れる伝導電流は 1 A、板のあいだを渡る電荷は 0 A である(第2節)。 第二に、これが本稿の芯である。電荷が 0 なのに磁場が立つ。板半径 5 cm、I=1 A で、中心から 1 cm の点の磁場は 0.8000 muT である(第3節)。 第三に、磁場は中心からの距離に比例して増える。1,2,3,4,5 cm で 0.8000,1.6000,2.4000,3.2000,4.0000 muT──導線の中の磁場と同じ形である(第3節)。 第四に、縁でぴたりと繋がる。板の縁 r=5 cm を、中の式で計算しても外の式で計算しても 4.0000 muT になる──電荷が渡っていない側と、渡っている側が、同じ値を返す(第4節)。 第五に、epsilon_0 dPhi_E/dt が伝導電流と厳密に一致する。一致させているのは epsilon_0=8.8541878x10^-12 という換算係数である(第5節)。 第六に、ここにも 4pi が座っている。 mu_0=4pix10^-7=1.2566371x10^-6──磁場の大きさを決めている定数の中に、球の立体角が入っている(第6節)。 変位電流は、電流ではなかった。板のあいだを渡る電荷は 0 A であり、運ぶものが何も無い。それでも磁場は立ち、r に比例して増え、縁で 4.0000 muT になる──そして電荷が渡っている外側の式で計算しても、同じ 4.0000 muT が返る。 epsilon_0 が約分されて dQ/dt が残るので、二つは近似ではなく厳密に一致している。つまり「電流」という語には二つの定義がある──電荷の移動と、アンペール則を閉じるものである。そして mu_0 の中の 4pi もまた、幾何から出た 4pi とは身分が違う──こちらは単位の定義に埋め込まれている。分けるものは一つ──その語をどちらの定義で使っているのかを書き出すこと。書き出せば、電荷を探すべき場面と、式の項を数えるべき場面が分かれる。書き出さなければ、何も渡っていない場所に、渡っているものを探し続けることになる。 作成にあたって:本稿の着想と内容は、著者自身の考察に基づくものです。文章の構成整理や英訳、数式の確認には AI(大規模言語モデル)の助力を得ました。最終的な内容の解釈や誤りがあれば、それらはすべて著者の責に帰します。お気づきの点があれば、ご教示いただければ幸いです。

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