Genotype- and rootstock-mediated adaptation of fruit trees to climate change

Abstract

Climate change is increasingly threatening the sustainability and productivity of fruit tree systems worldwide. Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, more frequent extreme weather events, and elevated atmospheric CO 2 are affecting physiological and phenological processes that regulate tree growth, reproduction, and fruit quality. Key impacts include reduced winter chilling, disrupted dormancy release, irregular flowering, impaired pollination, and altered fruit development, leading to lower yield stability and quality. Due to their long life cycles, fruit trees are particularly vulnerable to cumulative environmental stresses such as heat, drought, salinity, and irregular rainfall, which can impair photosynthesis, growth, and reproductive performance while increasing susceptibility to pests and diseases. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the effects of major climate-related factors, including temperature, water availability, and elevated CO 2 , on the physiology, phenology, pollination, and productivity of fruit trees. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of genotype diversity and rootstock–scion interactions in improving climate resilience. The review also highlights key adaptation strategies, including the use of climate-resilient cultivars, optimized rootstock selection, efficient water and nutrient management, and climate-smart orchard practices. By integrating physiological, ecological, and production-level responses, this review provides a framework for enhancing the resilience and sustainability of fruit production under changing climatic conditions.