A three-party verifiable blind quantum computing protocol with separated input and function ownership

Abstract

Blind quantum computing enables quantum-limited clients to securely access untrusted quantum servers. This paper proposes a three-party verifiable blind quantum computing protocol with separated input and function ownership, where Alice holds the private input, Bob holds the target function, and Charlie performs the delegated quantum computation, with the result released only to Alice. Alice and Bob first establish a shared key using BB84. Under the measurement-based quantum computing framework, a secure two-party computation protocol is then used to jointly generate adaptive blinded measurement instructions, eliminating the need for Bob to transmit quantum states to Charlie. A hidden dummy-trap mechanism is further incorporated to verify malicious server behavior. Under the honest-but-curious client model without client-server collusion, the protocol protects input and function privacy while ensuring computation blindness, shared-key security, and verifiability. Most quantum operations are performed by Charlie, while the clients require only limited quantum capabilities.