When Participation Becomes a Criterion: Developing an Analytical Framework for Participatory Science

Abstract

Participatory science projects have multiplied in recent years, yet frameworks to analyse and evaluate them remain fragmented. While conventional research relies on standardized criteria, participatory research requires approaches that account for collaborative processes, governance, and social effects. This article presents an analytical grid to characterise participatory science projects across the research process. Based on a mixed methodology combining a literature review, interviews with project leaders and funders operating within the French research context, and collaborative workshops, it identifies key criteria shaping participation. Findings reveal limited formalization in the evaluation of participatory projects, particularly regarding processes and power relations. The proposed grid offers a reflexive, process-oriented tool for project design and self-assessment. Rather than a normative evaluation instrument, it helps align citizen engagement with scientific objectives while promoting transparency, rigor, and inclusivity. By framing participation as both scientific and political, this article contributes to debates on the evolving social role of science.