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Factors Associated with Neonatal Mortality: A Retrospective Cohort Study at the Brazzaville University Hospital, Republic of the Congo, 2023

Aug 2026 · HEALTH RESEARCH IN AFRICA · Vol 4, pp. 97-103 · 0 citations · 12 references

Abstract

ABSTRACT  Introduction. With only five years remaining before the 2030 deadline for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target of reducing neonatal mortality to below 12 per 1,000 live births, the Republic of the Congo faces a significant challenge. The national neonatal mortality rate was 26.7 per 1,000 live births in 2022, with rates as high as 40.5 per 1,000 in Brazzaville. This retrospective cohort study aimed to identify factors associated with neonatal mortality at the Brazzaville University Hospital Center (CHU-B). Methods. We conducted a retrospective cohort study covering all newborns admitted to the neonatology department of CHU-B from January 1 to December 31, 2023. Data were extracted from medical records and delivery registers. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with neonatal mortality, expressed as adjusted odds ratios (ORa) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Survival analysis used the Kaplan-Meier method with Log-Rank testing. Results. Among 3,388 live births, 854 newborns were admitted to neonatology, with 239 deaths recorded (mortality rate: 70.5 per 1,000 live births). The main admission diagnoses were prematurity (37%), neonatal infections (27%), and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (24%). Factors independently associated with neonatal mortality were: pauciparity (ORa = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.5–4.8), prematurity (ORa = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.6–4.0), home delivery (ORa = 11.9; 95% CI: 5.6–25.1), female sex (ORa = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1–2.1), gravidity 2–4 (ORa = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2–0.8), and vaginal delivery (ORa = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.2–0.5). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed significantly better survival among newborns admitted after 8 days of life (Log-Rank p < 0.001). Conclusion. Neonatal mortality at CHU-B remains alarmingly high, with home delivery, prematurity, and pauciparity as major risk factors. Strengthening antenatal care, improving management of preterm infants, and ensuring skilled attendance at all deliveries are priority interventions to reduce neonatal deaths.   RESUME Introduction. Alors que les Objectifs de développement durable (ODD) des Nations unies visent à ramener le taux de mortalité néonatale à moins de 12 pour 1 000 naissances vivantes d’ici 2030, les taux actuels enregistrés en République du Congo 26,7 pour 1 000 à l’échelle nationale et 40,5 pour 1 000 à Brazzaville en 2022  mettent en évidence un enjeu majeur de santé publique. À seulement cinq ans de l'échéance fixée pour les ODD, cette étude de cohorte rétrospective visait à identifier les facteurs à l'origine de cette mortalité qui reste élevée. Méthodes. Il s’agit d’une étude de cohorte rétrospective couvrant la période du 1er janvier au 31 décembre 2023, incluant tous les nouveau-nés admis au Centre hospitalier universitaire de Brazzaville pendant la période néonatale (de 0 à 28 jours de vie) au sein du service de néonatologie. Résultats. Le taux de mortalité était de 70,5 pour 1 000 naissances vivantes. Les principaux diagnostics d’admission étaient la prématurité (37 %), les infections néonatales (27 %) et l’encéphalopathie hypoxique-ischémique (24 %). Les facteurs associés à la mortalité néonatale étaient les suivants : primiparité [OR = 2,7 ; IC à 95 % : (1,5–4,8)], prématurité [OR = 2,6 ; IC à 95 % : (1,6–4,0)], accouchement à domicile [OR = 11,9 ; IC à 95 % : (5,6–25,1)], un nombre de grossesses compris entre 2 et 4 [OR = 0,4 ; IC à 95 % : (0,2–0,8)], l’accouchement par voie basse [OR = 0,3 ; IC à 95 % : (0,2–0,5)] et le sexe féminin [OR = 1,5 ; IC à 95 % : (1,1–2,1)]. Conclusion. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance d’une prise en charge appropriée des accouchements à domicile et des prématurés, ainsi que de l’optimisation des soins néonatals pour réduire la mortalité néonatale.

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