Prevalence and Correlates of Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiencies Among School-Aged Children (6–12 Years)

Abstract

Introduction: Vitamin B12 and folate are essential micronutrients that play critical roles in DNA synthesis, methylation reactions, and neurocognitive development. Deficiencies in these vitamins are recognized as public health concerns, particularly among school-aged children in developing countries.Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and correlates of vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies among children aged 6–12 years in selected areas of Iraq.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted involving 120 children (62 males, 58 females) distributed across six areas: Al-Khudhariya, Sumer, Al-Daur, Shomali, Hilla, and Al-Daghara. Serum levels of vitamin B12 and folate were measured using ELISA. Sociodemographic, dietary, and anthropometric data were collected using a structured questionnaire.Results: The findings revealed marked geographic variation in micronutrient status. The highest vitamin B12 levels were observed in Al-Daghara (474.65–504.65 ng/ml), while the lowest were in Al-Khudhariya (270.58–306.58 ng/ml). Folate levels were highest in Al-Khudhariya and Al-Daur (8.21–9.49 ng/ml) and lowest in Hilla (4.59–5.09 ng/ml). Females tended to have slightly higher mean values than males for both biomarkers, but sex differences were modest compared with geographical variations.Conclusion: Vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies are prevalent among school-aged children in the studied areas of Iraq, with significant geographical variations. Targeted nutritional interventions and public health awareness campaigns are urgently needed to address these hidden hunger issues and support optimal child development.