Application of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) in Assessing Groundwater Pollution and Sustainable Water Resource Development in Oil Spill Contaminated Sites: Evidence from Domuubonatom, B-Dere, Gokana, Ogoni, Rivers State, Nigeria
Abstract
Groundwater contamination resulting from oil spills poses a major threat to water security and public health in oil-producing regions of the Niger Delta. This study applies Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) to evaluate the degree of groundwater pollution, determine safe depths for potable water abstraction, and propose appropriate remediation strategies in Domuubonatom, B Dere, Gokana, Ogoni, Rivers State, Nigeria. ERT surveys were conducted along multiple profiles using the Wenner–Schlumberger configuration to obtain high-resolution subsurface resistivity data. The inverted resistivity models revealed distinct anomalies associated with hydrocarbon contamination, particularly within shallow aquifer zones. Results indicate that groundwater within depths of approximately 2–12 m is significantly impacted, while deeper zones beyond 18–25 m show relatively lower contamination signatures. The findings suggest that potable water development should target deeper confined aquifers to minimize health risks. Furthermore, the study identifies varying degrees of contamination intensity, ranging from moderate to severe, depending on lithological and hydrological conditions. Based on these insights, tailored remediation strategies, including bioremediation and monitored natural attenuation, are recommended. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of ERT in groundwater quality assessment and provides a scientific basis for sustainable water resource management in hydrocarbon impacted environments.