Biomechanical evaluation of variable pitch and tapered thread dental implants in simulated low-density bone conditions: An in-vitro comparative study

Abstract

Abstract Background: Primary implant stability is critical for successful osseointegration. Achieving adequate primary stability remains challenging in low-density bone. Aim: To assess the biomechanical performance and primary stability of variable pitch tapered thread dental implants with conventional tapered thread implants in simulated low-density bone conditions using standardized in-vitro testing methods. Materials and Methods: Forty titanium dental implants were equally divided into two groups. Group I consisted of conventional tapered thread implants, and Group II consisted of variable pitch tapered thread implants. Implant osteotomies were prepared in standardized polyurethane foam blocks simulating low-density cancellous bone. All implants were inserted using a calibrated surgical implant motor. Primary stability was assessed using four biomechanical parameters: maximum insertion torque (Ncm), implant stability quotient (ISQ). Results: Variable pitch tapered thread implants demonstrated significantly greater primary stability than conventional tapered implants across all evaluated parameters. Mean insertion torque, ISQ values, pull-out strength, and removal torque were consistently higher in the variable pitch implant group. Conclusion: Variable pitch tapered thread implants demonstrated superior biomechanical performance compared with conventional tapered thread implants in simulated low-density bone. The enhanced insertion torque, higher implant stability quotient, greater pull-out resistance, and increased removal torque suggest that variable pitch implant designs may improve primary stability in compromised bone conditions. .