Bisphenol A in Aquatic Environment: Occurrence, Environmental Fate, Ecotoxicology, and Management Strategies
Abstract
The focus of this review is on four major issues: The presence, environmental fate and transport of BPA in surface water, groundwater, wastewater, sediments, and biota; the impact of BPA on aquatic organisms; cleanup strategies comprising monitoring, regulatory frameworks, treatment technologies, and remediation approaches; and finally, to pinpoint areas where there are knowledge gaps and directions towards future research. This scoping review was organised using the Arksey and O’Malley (2005) framework for scoping reviews. PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Scopus were searched systematically for peer-reviewed literature published between January 2005 and March 2026, over 200 journals were referred to, and 47 journals were cited after due consideration. During our search, it was established that Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical that is used extensively in the manufacturing of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins and a wide range of other items. BPA is an established pollutant of concern due to its endocrine-disrupting activities and its prevalence in the aquatic environments. It has gained a lot of attention. There is a need for an in-depth understanding of the fate of BPA in the environment, strategies for efficient removal, a more thorough understanding of BPA analogues, toxicity involving mixtures of pollutants, ecological effect on a long-term, and the effect of climate change on BPA distribution and fate.