Optimizing multi-market participation of battery and electrolyser systems based on field performance

Abstract

The increasing share of renewable energy in power systems creates a need for fast-response and flexible resources to maintain system stability. With the expansion of electricity markets and ancillary service products, opportunities arise to stack revenues across multiple services. Long-term Power-to-X (PTX) electrolysers and short-term battery energy storage systems (BESS) are prevalent flexible resources, yet most studies neglect real hardware behavior, such as ramp limits, efficiency, setpoint-tracking accuracy, etc. This work presents experimental and modeling results for a 55 kW/79 kWh BESS and an electrolyzer comprising three 2.4 kW units. Key characteristics are identified through measurements and embedded into a price-driven optimization framework for participation in the Danish electricity and ancillary service markets, utilizing real market data from 2022 to 2025. The optimized daily profits for multi-market participation are 1,749.27 DKK and 289.46 DKK for BESS and the electrolyser, respectively. With the demonstrated business cases for BESS and PTX systems, this work addresses the importance of incorporating experimental performance across multiple markets and years.