Lý dynasty palatial buildings (11th–13th centuries): Architectural divergence within the East Asian timber tradition from archaeological perspectives

Abstract

Lý dynasty palace architecture (1010–1225) represents the pinnacle of Đại Việt civilization and the flourishing of Thăng Long as the capital in Vietnamese history. However, the complete absence of any remaining in situ, above-ground timber structures has created a major “heritage gap” in its architectural history. This article presents the results of research into the morphological identification of Lý dynasty palace architecture based on the groundbreaking archaeological discoveries made during excavations at the Thăng Long Imperial Citadel in 2002–2004, 2008–2009, and 2012–2014. Through analysis of foundation systems and building materials and through cross-cultural comparison, the study indicates that the Lý-period palace formed part of a large-scale timber-timber tradition, employing a vermilion-lacquered bracket system (dougong) and a distinctive tubular tile roofing system. The results demonstrate that, although Lý-period architecture shares the common technical grammar of contemporary East Asian timber architecture—including Song China, Goryeo Korea, and Nara/Heian Japan—it developed distinctive features through flexible adaptation to tropical climatic conditions and a system of decorative symbols deeply rooted in local Buddhist culture. The study not only provides a reliable scientific basis for hypothetical reconstruction in digital form, but also repositions the value and independent status of Đại Việt architecture within the broader history of early East Asian architecture.