GIS and Remote Sensing-Based Digital Framework for Environmental Monitoring of Dispersed Historical Mining Areas in Northern Romania

Abstract

Abstract The historical spatial dispersion of mining activities in the Northern part of Romania generated significant challenges for environmental monitoring, risk assessment, and regulatory compliance. This study proposes an integrated framework based on geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, and digital tools to support environmental evaluation in extractive industries. Multi-temporal satellite data, including Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 imagery, are combined with in-situ observations and historical mining records to assess land-use changes, surface stability, and environmental pressures. Spatial analysis techniques are applied to identify patterns of land degradation and potential emission sources, enabling the delineation of risk-prone areas. An approach is used to simulate interactions between former mining operations and environmental factors, supporting continuous calibration through time-series analysis. The framework also integrates standardized procedures for performance evaluation and compliance reporting in line with ESG principles and international environmental standards. Results demonstrate improved monitoring accuracy, enhanced spatial decision-support, and increased efficiency in environmental reporting on historical mining activities. The proposed approach provides a scalable solution for managing dispersed mining regions and supports the transition toward sustainable and digitally enabled extractive practices.