Photoacoustic Imaging Reveals Early Hemodynamic Changes in Diabetic Nephropathy: Hemoglobin Rise Prior to Oxygen Saturation Drop

Abstract

This study employed photoacoustic imaging (PAI) to dynamically monitor renal oxygen saturation (sO2) and hemoglobin concentration (HbT) in a spontaneous Type 2 diabetes model (db/db mice) for early detection of diabetic nephropathy (DN).