Double-Negative Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
TL;DR
DN-NMOSD is a heterogenous, severe and highly relapsing disease, where attacks lead to irreversible dysfunction, and the administration of maintenance immunotherapy reduces the relapse risk and should be considered early to prevent further disability.
Abstract
Background and Objectives Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe condition usually associated with aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibodies. A clinical presentation suggestive of NMOSD can also be associated with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies (MOGAD). NMOSD can be diagnosed in the absence of autoantibodies (double-negative NMOSD [DN-NMOSD]), but this subgroup has been poorly investigated. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to define the clinical spectrum, prognosis, and treatment response in DN-NMOSD vs AQP4-NMOSD/MOGAD. Methods We searched on PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases of studies on patients fulfilling inclusion criteria. Patient characteristics, outcome measures, and treatment regimens were extracted. Results We included 41 of 1,027 articles screened and analyzed 671 patients with DN-NMOSD (median age 38.6 years [range IQR: 32.5–42.85]; female-to-male ratio 1.5:1; median follow-up 44.4 months [range 1–600]), 73.6% of which relapsed. In the meta-analysis, mean annualized relapse rate (ARR) was higher, albeit not significantly, in DN-NMOSD (1.08; 95% CI 0.73–1.43) vs AQP4-NMOSD (0.84; 95% CI 0.45–1.23) and MOGAD (0.61; 95% CI 0.39–0.83, p = 0.08). Administration of maintenance immunosuppression in DN-NMOSD led to a significant ARR reduction (pooled rate ratio 0.19, 95% CI 0.07–0.49; p = 0.001), with high heterogeneity (I2 = 90%, p < 0.0001). In meta-regression, no covariates were associated with ARR reduction, including the administration of specific drugs (rituximab, p = 0.288; azathioprine, p = 0.291; mycophenolate, p = 0.918). The pooled mean difference in pre‑ and post‑maintenance treatment Expanded Disability Status Scale values indicated a significant change in disability in MOGAD (−0.93, 95% CI −1.67 to −0.19, p = 0.02) but not in AQP4-NMOSD (−0.62, 95% CI −1.85 to 0.61, p = 0.27) or DN-NMOSD (−0.52 (95% CI −1.30 to 0.25, p = 0.16). Discussion DN-NMOSD is a heterogenous, severe and highly relapsing disease, where attacks lead to irreversible dysfunction. The administration of maintenance immunotherapy reduces the relapse risk and should be considered early to prevent further disability.