MAR: Metacognitive Agentic Reasoning for Multimodal Fake News Detection

Abstract

Multimodal fake news combining text and images has become increasingly prevalent, fueled by the rapid dissemination on social media. Existing approaches predominantly rely on supervised learning–driven small multimodal language models, yet they are constrained by the knowledge scope and logical reasoning capabilities limited by training data: their performance degrades significantly when encountering novel content not covered in the training data, and they typically provide only uninterpretable binary true/false predictions. To address these challenges, we propose the Metacognitive Agentic Reasoning for Multimodal Fake News Detection(MAR), a framework that integrates multi-agent metacognitive debate with external knowledge retrieval to enhance the accuracy, generalization, and interpretability of multimodal fake news detection. At its core, MAR introduces a news-domain informed and metacognition-inspired multi-agent reasoning mechanism: it first generates several prior pseudo-labels of the news domain, and defines the characteristics of two opposing agents (i.e., Believer and Skeptic) leveraging these pseudo-labels; then, the Believer and Skeptic go through a three-stage ''Draft – Self-Critique – Refine'' interactive debate simulating humans' learning behavior, called the metacognitive debate. Specifically, MAR first generates an initial evidence-grounded judgment (Draft), then critically reflects on their own and others' arguments (Self-Critique), and finally iteratively refines their conclusions by incorporating internal or external evidence (Refine). To improve factual reliability, the framework dynamically retrieves trustworthy external knowledge via web and reverse image searches, thereby mitigating the hallucinations inherent in large language models. Experiments show that MAR achieves state-of-the-art performance on two benchmarks and significantly outperforms existing methods in terms of generalization and interpretability. The source code is available at https://github.com/Averdgr/MAR_KDD.