Phytochemical, Bioactive, and Toxicological Aspects of Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King & H.Rob.: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Due to limitations in the use of antibiotics as feed additives to promote growth, the development of safe, effective, and environmentally friendly antibiotic alternatives is a critical and urgent research priority in animal nutrition and veterinary medicine. Plants contain abundant active substances, which are important sources for developing new feed additives or discovering new active substances. Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King & H.Rob. (A. adenophora) is an herb native to Central America and a globally invasive species that has spread across Asia, Australia, Africa, and other continents. Studies indicated that it possesses a complex chemical composition, with over 100 constituents identified, including terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which exhibit diverse biological activities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, insecticidal, acaricidal, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antitumor, and gut health regulation effects. However, it also possesses distinct toxicity, primarily targeting organs such as the intestines, liver, and spleen, causing tissue damage by activating specific signaling pathways. This may limit its utilization as a feed additive or in medical drug development. Therefore, this review systematically summarizes the botanical characteristics, geographic distribution, phytochemical composition, biological activities, and toxicological effects of A. adenophora. We also discussed its potential application and current challenges. We hope this review can promote its development and utilization as potential feed additives or medicinal resources.