Generative bootstrap processes

Abstract

We study generative bootstrap processes obtained by resampling from fitted generative distributions. We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for their conditional weak convergence to the $P$-Brownian bridge, formulated in terms of finite-dimensional conditional weak convergence and conditional asymptotic equicontinuity. We further provide general sufficient conditions and a Gin\'e-Zinn-type characterization relating this convergence to the $P$-Donsker property. As applications, we verify these conditions for prominent classes of generative models, including triangular normalizing flows, flow matching, score-based diffusion models, and Wasserstein generative adversarial networks.