Impact of Cadmium Stress on Germination, Growth, Biomass and Early Growth of Tomato’s under Controlled Conditions

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) contamination is a major environmental constraint affecting crop productivity and food safety. The present study evaluated the response of different tomato varieties to Cd stress under controlled conditions by assessing germination traits, seedling growth, and biomass accumulation. The results revealed that Cd exposure significantly reduced germination percentage, shoot height, root length and fresh biomass in all varieties, indicating its strong inhibitory effects on early plant development. Among the tested varieties, DP-85 showed the highest germination under both control and Cd conditions but exhibited the greatest sensitivity due to marked decline under stress. In contrast, Syngenta-6242 and Kaiban-766 demonstrated relatively better tolerance, reflected by improved germination response and lower mean germination time (MGT) under Cd treatment. Cd stress also delayed germination, as indicated by increased MGT in most varieties. Morphological parameters were consistently reduced, with Syngenta-6242 showing comparatively lower shoot and root growth. Interestingly, while fresh weight decreased, dry weight increased in some varieties, suggesting possible adaptive mechanisms to Cd stress. Overall, significant varietal difference in Cd tolerance were observed. The findings highlight the potential of selecting tolerant varieties such as Syngeta-6242 and Kaiban-766 for cultivation in Cd-contaminated soils. Further research is recommended to explore the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanism underlying Cd tolerance. Additionally, the application of innovative approached, including nanomaterials and improved nutrient management strategies, is suggested to mitigate Cd toxicity and enhance crop resilience.