Impact of Sedentary Behavior on Metabolic Health in Adults: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Background. Sedentary behavior is an independent determinant of metabolic health. Prolonged sitting is associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes, even in physically active individuals. Aim. To synthesize evidence on the impact of sedentary behavior on metabolic health in adults, including epidemiological associations, mechanisms, and intervention effects. Material and methods. A systematic narrative review was conducted using PubMed and reference screening. Studies evaluating sedentary behavior and metabolic outcomes in adults were included. Due to heterogeneity, findings were synthesized thematically. Results. Higher sedentary time was consistently associated with adverse metabolic profiles, particularly impaired glucose metabolism and increased diabetes risk. Experimental studies show that interrupting sitting improves glucose and insulin responses. Mechanistic evidence supports links with reduced muscle activity and insulin sensitivity. Evidence for lipid profile and obesity is less consistent, and long-term intervention data remain limited. Conclusions. Sedentary behavior is a modifiable risk factor for metabolic dysfunction. Reducing and interrupting sitting should complement physical activity. Further studies should use standardized measures and clinically relevant endpoints.