Emerging therapeutic targets in breast cancer: From molecular mechanisms to future perspectives

Abstract

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women and a major cause of mortality worldwide. Despite advances in treatment, therapeutic resistance and disease heterogeneity continue to limit the success of existing therapeutic approaches. Therefore, the identification of novel therapeutic targets has become an important focus of contemporary research. Main body: This review summarizes the most promising novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of breast cancer, including HER3, B7-H4, CD206+ M2 macrophages, ROR1, and WEE1. Their biological roles in tumor progression, metastasis, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance are discussed, together with current therapeutic strategies directed at these targets. Special attention is given to antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), bispecific antibodies, signaling pathway inhibitors, and strategies targeting tumor microenvironment modulation. Conclusion: Current preclinical and early clinical evidence indicates that HER3, B7-H4, CD206+ M2 macrophages, ROR1, and WEE1 are promising therapeutic targets with the potential to improve breast cancer treatment. The further development of these strategies may help overcome therapeutic resistance and contribute to more effective, personalized treatment approaches.