Embedding Subspace Partitioning for Dynamic Multi-Objective Retrieval

Abstract

Modern industrial recommender systems must optimize across competing objectives, balancing semantic relevance with business metrics such as engagement and revenue. While bi-encoders dominate large-scale retrieval due to their efficiency, they collapse these heterogeneous signals into a single static embedding space. This design creates a fundamental limitation: once trained, the retriever cannot adapt to shifting objective priorities at serving time without retraining. Moreover, joint optimization with multi-objective losses often induces interference between objectives, leading to suboptimal trade-offs. We propose Embedding Subspace Partitioning (ESP), a retrieval framework that decomposes the embedding into task-aware subspaces and replaces the single dot product with a weighted sum of per-subspace similarities, whose weights are tunable at serving time. For Transformer bi-encoders, ESP uses the model’s native end-of-sequence token as a segment delimiter, with segment-aware attention masking and position encoding resets to guarantee subspace isolation in a single forward pass. Serving is performed via GPU-accelerated exhaustive kNN over one concatenated index, eliminating the need for per-objective Approximate Nearest Neighbor (ANN) infrastructure required by multi-head approaches. We evaluate ESP on an open-source benchmark built from MS MARCO [2]. A single ESP model traces a broad Pareto frontier, consistently outperforming strong multi-task baselines across diverse operating points. In LinkedIn’s job matching platform (70M+ weekly users), ESP enabled dynamic retrieval reconfiguration and delivered significant key business metric lifts.