Inferring Non-Normal Amplification Geometry from Multivariate Time Series

Abstract

Across hydrodynamics, ecology, neuroscience, network dynamics, non-Hermitian physics, and socio-economic systems, asymptotically stable dynamics can exhibit large transient amplifications that are invisible to eigenvalue-based analyses. The mechanism is geometric rather than spectral: perturbations entering along one direction may be expressed transiently along another, allowing asymptotic decay to coexist with strong transient or noise-driven amplification. We introduce non-normal directional response inference, a data-driven method for detecting this geometry from multivariate time series when the governing operator is unknown. A local linear operator is estimated from sliding windows and projected onto the dominant two-dimensional input-response subspace. The reduced dynamics are summarized by the eigenvalue splitting $\Delta$, eigenvector non-orthogonality $K$, and the scale-free ratio $R=K/K_c(\Delta)$, where $K_c(\Delta)$ is the two-dimensional threshold for transient amplification. Controlled benchmarks show that the reduced geometry, particularly $R$, can be recovered from finite data even when the full high-dimensional operator is poorly estimated. Tests across sample size, dimension, training horizon, spectral structure, and non-stationarity confirm that the relevant response geometry requires far fewer observations than full-matrix recovery. Applied in moving windows to electrohysterogram, seizure EEG, freezing-of-gait, and unstable push-up inertial recordings, the method reveals systematic changes around known physiological or behavioral episodes through shifts in $R$, changes in $\Delta$, or stronger projection of fluctuations onto the inferred response direction. It thus exposes interpretable changes in local response geometry without framing the problem as supervised event detection.