Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease among Patients in Selected Dialysis Centers of Kerala: A Descriptive Study with Nursing Implications

Abstract

Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a significant global health burden, with rising prevalence in regions like Kerala. Nurses are at the forefront of identifying high-risk individuals and implementing preventive education. Objectives: The study aimed to assess the clinical and lifestyle risk factors of CKD among patients in selected dialysis centers in Kozhikode and Malappuram, identify associations with socio-personal variables, and develop a self-instructional module for risk reduction. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted. Using a non-probability consecutive sampling technique, 190 participants were recruited from four major hospitals in Northern Kerala. Data were collected through structured interview schedules and medical record reviews. Chi-square tests were used to determine statistical associations. Results: Major clinical risk factors identified included Diabetes Mellitus (54.2%) and Hypertension (50.5%), with a family history of CKD present in 21.1% of cases. Significant modifiable lifestyle factors were prevalent: smoking (47.45%), frequent fast-food consumption (60%), and daily soft drink intake (31.6%). Notably, 50% of participants reported high use of over-the-counter (OTC) medications. Statistical analysis revealed significant associations (p < 0.05) between Diabetes Mellitus and age, religion, and marital status, as well as between OTC drug use and occupation. Conclusion: The high prevalence of modifiable risks—particularly dietary habits and OTC drug use—highlights a critical need for nurse-led community screening and targeted educational interventions. The developed self-instructional module provides a practical tool for primary prevention and early risk factor management.