Aromatherapy and anxiety in a dental waiting room: an N-of-1 crossover study

Abstract

Introduction: Dental fear and anxiety are highly prevalent conditions that negatively affect participant attendance, cooperation and clinical outcomes. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as aromatherapy, have been proposed as adjunctive strategies to reduce anxiety in dental settings.  Objectives: To evaluate the effect of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oil inhalation on dental anxiety and physiological parameters in a clinical context. Methodology: A single-subject (N-of-1) crossover study (ABBA design) was conducted. One participant attended four clinical sessions under alternating lavender (2%) and placebo conditions. Anxiety levels were assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y1 and STAI-Y2) and the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS). Physiological parameters, including blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen saturation, were recorded before and after each session. Data were analyzed descriptively. Results:  A reduction in state anxiety (STAI-Y1) was observed across all sessions, regardless of condition, with consistent decreases in scores, while MDAS scores showed variable changes and were interpreted as exploratory. Physiological parameters demonstrated no consistent or clinically relevant differences between conditions. Conclusion: Lavender aromatherapy may contribute to reduced perceived dental anxiety; however, similar improvements observed under placebo conditions suggest a relevant contextual or placebo effect. These findings highlight the need for further controlled studies to clarify the specific clinical effectiveness of aromatherapy in dental practice