The Role of Kombucha in Improving Insulin Resistance through Gut Microbiota Modulation: A Literature Review to Support SDG 2 and 3

Abstract

Insulin resistance (IR) plays a crucial role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and other metabolic disorders. Recent evidence suggests that gut microbiota dysbiosis may contribute to IR by reducing short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) synthesis, disrupting intestinal barrier integrity, and inducing chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Kombucha has been suggested as a promising functional food for improving metabolic health. It is a fermented tea beverage that contains probiotics, polyphenols, organic acids, and other bioactive metabolites. This review aims to summarize the current evidence on the mechanisms by which kombucha may improve IR through modulation of the gut microbiota. Current evidence suggests that kombucha may enhance SCFA production, preserve gut barrier integrity, reduce metabolic endotoxemia, and attenuate inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways associated with IR. Although preclinical findings are encouraging, clinical evidence remains limited and heterogeneous. Further studies are needed to establish the efficacy, optimal dosage, and long-term safety of kombucha for improving IR.