DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION IN GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, characterized by rapid progression and high resistance to conventional therapies. Recent studies on differential gene expression have contributed to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis, heterogeneity, and poor prognosis. This narrative review surveyed articles published over the last 5 years in the PubMed database that address differential gene expression in GBM, including transcriptomic, multi-omic, and functional analyses. Original studies highlighting genes and pathways associated with proliferation, invasion, and drug resistance were selected, such as LGALS9, SELL, LIMD1, TRIB2, and TGFB1, which are involved in immunometabolic modulation and hypoxia-mediated chemoresistance. Other investigations identified prognostic gene signatures based on RNA-seq data and multi-omic integration, revealing mitochondrial and metabolic pathways linked to tumor aggressiveness. Collectively, these findings reinforce the importance of analyzing differential gene expression in GBM as a fundamental tool for identifying prognostic biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets, thereby advancing personalized medicine.