Personal Data Protection in Digitalized Public Administration: Challenges and Solutions in the Context of AI

Abstract

The rapid digitalization of public administration, accelerated by artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, promises enhanced efficiency and improved citizen services but simultaneously introduces profound risks to personal data protection. This paper examines these challenges within the context of Romania’s ongoing governance reforms, proposing actionable solutions aligned with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the EU Artificial Intelligence Act. Through a qualitative research methodology combining EU-wide regulatory analysis with Romania-focused case studies, this study addresses key tensions between AI-driven automation, such as predictive analytics, automated decision-making systems, and biometric identification, and fundamental privacy rights. With Romania advancing its Digital Governance Framework amid EU mandates, unresolved issues including algorithmic bias, surveillance concerns, and enforcement gaps threaten both public trust and regulatory compliance. This analysis offers policymakers and practitioners practical pathways to balance technological innovation with robust data protection through Privacy by Design principles, enhanced oversight mechanisms, and transparent algorithmic governance.