The Relationship between Scientific Activities and the Effectiveness of Physical Education, Sports, and Health Learning

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the relationship between the quality of scientific approach implementation and the effectiveness of Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) learning, while also examining the influence of gender and student collaboration. Using a quantitative descriptive design with inferential statistical analysis, this study was conducted on high school students in Indonesia with a sample of 386 subjects categorized by gender and three levels of scientific quality. Data were collected through observation instruments that evaluate the 5M scientific process stages, student collaboration questionnaires, and project-based learning documents, which were then analyzed using Two-Way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey tests through IBM SPSS. The results showed that the overall model had a significant effect on learning effectiveness (F = 5.222; p < 0.001), with the quality of the scientific process emerging as the main significant predictor (F = 11.790; p < 0.001), while gender did not show a significant independent effect (p = 0.128). Furthermore, the scientific approach significantly influenced student collaboration (F = 6.67; p = 0.001), with different interaction patterns between male and female students at certain levels of scientific quality. This finding suggests that prioritizing scientific stage qualities, particularly reasoning and experimenting, serves as an inclusive strategy to enhance learning effectiveness and social skills beyond demographic factors. Supplementary materials supporting this paper include 13 data tables, 1 interaction plot, and 33 references.