Euphorbia Hirta Linn: An Integrative Exploration of Phytochemistry, Ethnomedicinal Applications, Pharmacological Activities, and Emerging Therapeutic Prospects

Abstract

Euphorbia hirta Linn. is an important medicinal plant that has been extensively used in traditional health-care systems because of its diverse therapeutic properties. The present review summarizes the botanical characteristics, ethnomedicinal applications, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, safety profile, and future therapeutic prospects of the plant. Information was synthesized from previously published scientific literature focusing on the biological activities and chemical composition of Euphorbia hirta. Numerous studies have reported the presence of flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids, and sterols, which contribute to its medicinal value. Experimental investigations have demonstrated significant antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, antimalarial, antiasthmatic, and antiviral activities. Recent findings have also highlighted the potential role of the plant in the development of novel therapeutic agents for infectious and chronic diseases. Despite its promising pharmacological profile, further studies are required to establish standardized extraction methods, determine long-term safety, and validate its clinical efficacy. The findings of this review emphasize the importance of Euphorbia hirta as a valuable source of bioactive compounds and a promising candidate for future pharmaceutical applications.