Emerging Biomarkers in Early Detection of Non‑Communicable Diseases: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) may develop unnoticed for a long time until the symptoms are clinically manifest, emphasizing the importance of early detection with reliable techniques. The advent of new bioprinting technologies has resulted in a number of promising biomarkers capable of revealing molecular and metabolic alterations that are the earliest signs of a disease. Objective: This review summarizes recent advances in emerging biomarkers for the early detection, risk assessment, prognosis, and monitoring of NCDs. Methods: Relevant literature was narratively reviewed, focusing on metabolomics, exosome-derived biomarkers, molecular biomarkers, nano-biosensors, electrochemical biosensors, and graphene-based sensing technologies. Results: Recently, researchers say the use of the latest biomarkers is capable of identifying diseases at an earlier stage and providing better differentiation of risk levels. The methods like studying metabolites and liquid biopsy that is based on exosome molecules have the capability to give a comprehensive overview of the molecular status of a given condition, whereas nano-biosensors and electrochemical and graphene-based methods can possibly carry out fast and highly sensitive detection. Through combining them with artificial intelligence and precision medicine, the technology may further assist in customized disease prevention and treatment. But, difficulties like varying biology, lack of uniformity, absence of clinical evidence, expensive and hard-to-reach equipment will continue to be obstacles to progress. Conclusion: Emerging biomarkers could transform NCD management by enabling earlier, predictive, and personalized healthcare. Further clinical validation and technological standardization are required for their effective integration into routine practice.