A strategic PESTEL-based analysis of renewable energy integration in airports

Abstract

In an era where the climate crisis is a major issue and net-zero commitments have become binding, the use of renewable energy in airports has become a key factor for the sustainable competitiveness and operational resilience of businesses. While the existing literature primarily focuses on the technical and financial feasibility of renewable energy, there is a significant gap in holistic strategic studies evaluating its integration into aviation infrastructure. To address this gap, this study aims to provide a multi-dimensional strategic assessment of renewable energy integration in airports, aligned with the "net-zero by 2050" targets. Methodologically, this study adopts a qualitative conceptual review approach. Academic literature published between 2015 and 2025, along with institutional reports from international aviation authorities (e.g., ICAO, ACI), was systematically reviewed and analyzed. The findings are evaluated under a PESTEL analysis framework that systematically examines external environmental determinants. The analyses show that the Paris Agreement and regional regulations have accelerated investments, but high initial investment and supply chain risks, despite decreasing technology costs, create economic barriers to the use of renewable energy in airports. Aviation-specific safety factors and regulatory constraints, such as glare risk and radar and communication effects, are particularly pronounced in photovoltaic applications. Smart grid and energy storage solutions enhance operational resilience, social acceptance, and environmental benefits by strengthening uninterrupted energy supply. This study contributes to the aviation management literature by shifting the discussion from solely the dimension of technology adoption to a comprehensive strategic governance model, and by offering airport companies a PESTEL-based framework for multidimensional risk and opportunity management.