Axiality and Pluralism: Karl Jaspers and the Search for a Global Philosophy of Religion

Abstract

The paper addresses the concepts of globality, universality, and pluralism in contemporary philosophy of religion. We argue that embracing a form of pluralism is essential to meet the growing demand for inclusivity in the philosophical study of religions, although this does not equate with any rejection of the classic Western tradition. To support this argument, we explore Karl Jaspers’ notion of the Axial Age ( Achsenzeit ) and its relevance to this discussion. We begin with a brief overview of the theory, emphasizing the religious elements it encompasses and its implications. The Axial Age is recognized as a period during which both major world religions and diverse spiritual experiences and practices emerged. This significance becomes particularly evident in contemporary discussions by authors such as Jan Assmann and Jürgen Habermas. We therefore propose that the Axial Age could serve as a useful model for the philosophy of religion. However, we also note that it requires substantial modifications. On one hand, the concept is more Eurocentric than it initially appears; on the other hand, it is inherently open to a truly global perspective and can effectively describe various forms of religiosity. As proof of this thesis, we conclude by focusing on the connection between these issues and the themes of secularization and post-secularization.