A Human-Centric Digital Twin Framework for Industry 5.0 in Transport and Logistics

Abstract

The transition from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 represents a fundamental shift in the design and operation of transport and logistics systems. While Industry 4.0 emphasizes automation, connectivity, and data-driven optimization, Industry 5.0 introduces a human-centric, sustainable, and resilient approach to system development. This paper examines this transition through a conceptual and analytical framework, focusing on the integration of digital twins, artificial intelligence (AI), and human-in-theloop (HITL) decision-making. A reference architecture is proposed to illustrate a closedloop cyber-physical system that connects physical logistics operations with sensing technologies, edge/cloud computing, and digital twin-based simulation. The framework incorporates multi-objective optimization, integrating operational efficiency with sustainability metrics and resilience indicators. Furthermore, the study evaluates the role of standardized emissions accounting and circular logistics principles in enabling environmentally responsible transport systems. Selected case studies, including port digital twins, warehouse robotics, and AI-driven route optimization, are analyzed to demonstrate real-world applicability. The results indicate that Industry 5.0 enables more adaptive, transparent, and sustainable logistics systems by aligning technological innovation with human and environmental priorities.