Bridging the Theory-Practice Gap: A Randomized Trial of an Integrated Pharmacology Program Among Anesthesia Nursing Students

Abstract

Background: Teaching pharmacology in anesthesia nursing requires students to link theoretical knowledge with clinical decision-making during high-stakes perioperative care. This study developed, implemented, and evaluated a comprehensive anesthesia pharmacology program integrated into a clinical internship to address the theory–practice gap. Objectives: This study aimed to design, implement, and evaluate a comprehensive anesthesia pharmacology educational program using the Kern six-step model for integration into clinical internship programs. Methods: Following the Kern six-step model, we conducted a needs assessment that included focus group discussions to identify key educational gaps. On the basis of these findings, we developed an educational program incorporating concept mapping, scenario-based learning, and gamification. In a randomized controlled trial, 60 students were assigned to the intervention (n = 30) or control (n = 30) group using stratified block randomization by semester and grade point average. Allocation concealment was ensured using computer-generated random sequences prepared by an independent researcher and sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes. The intervention group received the 4-week program, whereas the control group continued with standard training. Pharmacology knowledge was the primary outcome, and student satisfaction was the secondary outcome. Results: Both groups showed significant improvements in knowledge (P < 0.001). After adjustment for baseline differences using an analysis of covariance, the intervention group had significantly higher post-test scores than the control group (F(1, 57) = 120.45, P < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.679), indicating a large effect size. Students reported high satisfaction with the program (mean score, 54.80/65). Conclusions: The integrated pharmacology program significantly improved students’ pharmacological knowledge and satisfaction. Improved knowledge is essential for safe medication management and may ultimately contribute to patient safety. The Kern model was effective in the design of this intervention.