Approaches to the Study of Foreign Policy

Abstract

The study of foreign policy has always been?defined by competing theoretical paradigms, with idealism and realism being the two most prominent. From an idealist perspective, the ethical and?social aspects of international relations are focused on, and that non-state actors, such as Non-Governmental Organizations and Intergovernmental Organizations, are vital in furthering global governance, diplomacy, and collective security. In contrast to?this, realism focus on power, national interest, and systemic anarchy and argue that conflict is inherent and state the primary unit of analysis in global politics. This article offers a critical overview of these paradigms, based on their historical development, philosophical foundation and current manifestations, and participates in the?scientific-versus-normative debate in foreign policy analysis by questioning the possibility of imposing norms in this area of study. The research, drawing on?both classical and modern theories, demonstrates the connection between these strategies and the formation of foreign policy, international collaboration, and worldwide tranquility. The analysis?calls for the development of sophisticated, context-sensitive approaches that bridge normative commitments with systemic conditions, and advances theory and provides guidance for leaders as they confront intricate global issues.   Received: 02 July  2026 / Accepted: 29 August 2026 / Published: September 2026