A High-Efficiency Active Energy Balancing System for Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Using Optimized Converter Topology

Abstract

Voltage mismatch in lithium-ion battery packs is a critical issue that influences the efficiency of the system, safety, and the life cycle in general. Traditional balancing methods, especially passive ones, are associated with the loss of energy and poor flexibility in dynamic operating environments. To overcome these shortcomings, this paper introduces a smart active charge equalization system that combines the real-time voltage measurements, data-driven State of Charge (SOC) prognosis, and adaptive control in a small-cost embedded system. To dynamically adjust the charging of single cells, the proposed system constantly measures the voltage deviation and the predicted SOC to control the solid-state switching between the charging and the discharging of the individual cell. The proposed method uses predictive estimation instead of fixed voltage thresholds, unlike in traditional methods, which only use them to make decisions and balance them. A closed-loop control strategy makes sure that the imbalance is continuously corrected thus converging to steady and efficient convergence. The results of the simulations indicate that the voltage deviation decreases significantly to less than 0.01 V and the response time and overall system efficiency are enhanced. In addition, the design has a balance in performance and implementation complexity, and therefore, it is applicable in scalable and real-time applications in battery management. The suggested framework is a dependable and effective solution to the next-generation battery management system and can be expanded to large-scale energy storage and electric vehicle applications.