When Quantum States over Spacetime Have No Common Process

Abstract

Determining whether observations across spacetime arise from one quantum process is central to causal inference and to consistent observer-relative descriptions. For quantum-state-over-spacetime (QSOST) data, this remains obstructed because causally agnostic interferometry compresses process matrices: every setting can appear physical although its hidden positive completions cannot be glued to a common parent. We formulate this as an inverse positive-lift problem and solve it exactly. Each positive-weight QSOST branch has a unique least positive lift, yielding a data-only common-parent criterion. We prove that settingwise realizability implies common-process realizability for every finite family if and only if the QSOST projection is injective on deterministic processes. Thus any normalized information loss can be exposed as a strict gluing failure. For bipartite qubits we identify a $63$-dimensional hidden fiber and construct definite-order separations, including a minimal two-setting, two-outcome example with exact noise threshold $\eta=1/\sqrt2$ and a sparse interferometric witness. Under explicit causal-access conditions, we also derive exact delayed fact-inference limits and identify the minimal environment; restoring full access removes only the pre--post gap. These results identify the boundary between spacetime tomography and global process composition, turning hidden process incompatibility into an experimentally testable phenomenon.