Hadis pada Masa Kenabian: Kajian Historiografis atas Tipologi, Periwayatan Lisan, dan Awal Penulisan

Abstract

This study examines, from a historiographical perspective, the emergence of the hadith tradition during the Prophetic era by integrating three dimensions: the sociocultural context of hadith transmission, the typology of hadith as qaul, fi'il, and taqrīr, and the controversy over the prohibition and permission of hadith writing. It employs a qualitative historiographical method combined with a hadith-studies approach, based on library research into classical hadith, historical, and hadith-science sources as well as contemporary studies. The findings show that the oral tradition of pre-Islamic Arabia and the Prophet's position as the sole authority in Madinah, combining religious and political leadership, formed the foundation of hadith transmission. The typological analysis identifies seven categories of qaul, five of fi'il, and four of taqrīr, whose emergence can be explained by the interaction between prophetic authority and the sociocultural conditions of Arab society, showing that the formation of the Sunnah was dialogical. The Companions transmitted hadith verbatim when the wording carried normative weight, and by meaning, accompanied by explicit markers of caution, when the exact wording could not be ascertained. Regarding the writing controversy, the permission to write is supported by both the Prophet's statements (qaul) and actions (fi'il), whereas the prohibition rests on a single statement whose attribution to the Prophet (raf') is disputed. The scholars' reconciliations through takhṣīṣ and naskh are also consistent with the literacy conditions and chronology of the Prophetic era, indicating that the controversy reflects a gradual transition from a memory-based society to one that began to employ writing. This study contributes by demonstrating that the sociocultural context, hadith typology, and the writing controversy mutually explain one another in forming the historiographical foundation of hadith prior to formal codification