IoT and 6G-Based Smart Grid Systems: Architectures, Security Challenges, Energy Management Applications, and Future Research Directions

Abstract

With the complexity of power systems, smart grids are emerging as a solution for delivering electricity in an efficient, reliable and sustainable manner. Yet, grid infrastructures are faced with challenges on large-scale renewable integration, Internet of Things (IoT) device connectivity and real-time operation. The information and communication technologies represented by IoT and the emerging 6G network empower the development from smart grid to intelligent, cyber-physical systems, while bringing challenges in terms of latency, cybersecurity, interoperability and energy optimization. This paper presents a literature review of studies on smart grid systems supported by IoT and 6G technology. It highlights developments in architecture, integration with edge/fog computing, security and energy management applications. The review examines the transition of architecture from centralized grid to decentralized and ultra-low latency 6G networks for real-time monitoring and autonomous control. The findings show that IoT and 6G technologies improve the performance of smart grids in terms of scalability, real-time decision-making, and ability to respond to demand. However, data breaches and IoT attacks pose cybersecurity challenges. Future smart grid systems should be designed with robust security mechanisms and equipped with an AI-based security solution and interoperable architecture to ensure sustainability and resilience.