Key Issues and Factors Affecting the Sustainable Development Goals: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis

Abstract

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) constitute an integrated framework for global sustainability, yet progress remains inconsistent across regions and indicators four years before 2030. Identifying the key issues and factors that influence SDG performance is therefore essential for effective implementation and the post-2030 sustainable development agenda. This paper presents a systematic review and thematic synthesis of empirical studies investigating the factors associated with SDG outcomes. Peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2026 were identified across Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases and coded according to the SDGs examined, geographic scope, methodological approach and key findings. A total of 43 studies were selected from 684 initial records, covering all 17 SDGs across diverse geographical contexts. Seven cross-cutting themes were identified: governance and institutional capacity; socioeconomic status and cultural barriers; gender equality; education; technology, digital connectivity and innovation; environmental factors; and healthcare infrastructure and access. Theoretically, this review advances sustainable development literature by shifting the paradigm from single-goal evaluations towards an integrated, cross-cutting systems framework. Practically, it highlights the necessity of multi-sectoral financing, institutional capacity building and localised policy interventions to accelerate global progress leading up to and beyond 2030.