Mental health, well-being and associated factors in LGBTQ+ university students in Spain

Abstract

LGBTQ+ university students are vulnerable to psychological distress compared with cisgender heterosexual (CH) peers. This study examined differences in mental health, life satisfaction, and well-being between LGBTQ + and CH university students in Spain, as well as the prevalence of psychological and neurodevelopmental conditions across groups. Stress, life satisfaction, well‑being, and ADHD symptoms were expected to predict anxiety and depression among LGBTQ+ students. A total of 7080 students (nLGBTQ+ = 3560; nCH = 3520) from the Catalonia University System completed an online assessment. LGBTQ+ students reported higher symptoms of depression, anxiety, ADHD, eating disorders (ED), stress and negative burnout than their CH peers. Prevalence ratios for mental health symptoms ranged from 1.35 to 1.58, while ratios for past or current mental health diagnoses ranged from 1.70 to 1.98. LGBTQ+ self‑identification emerged as a small‑to‑moderate predictor of mental health problems and lower life satisfaction and well‑being. Within the LGBTQ+ group, life satisfaction and well‑being were significant predictors of depression and anxiety symptoms. LGBTQ+ students were also younger on average and more likely to be enrolled in arts, humanities, and science degrees. These findings are consistent with the existing literature. Despite increasing social acceptance and legal protections, LGBTQ+ individuals continue to face an elevated risk of mental health disorders. In this context, inclusive university policies and practices play a crucial role in promoting mental health and well‑being among LGBTQ+ students.