Date seed extract attenuates alloxan-induced hepatorenal toxicity in diabetic rats: Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus is associated with chronic hyperglycemia that induces oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, leading to progressive hepatic and renal dysfunction. Natural products rich in bioactive compounds, such as date seeds (Phoenix dactylifera), have gained increasing attention for their potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties. Aim: This study investigated the effects of Kentichi date seed extracts on hepatic and renal function in a rat model of alloxan-induced diabetes. Methods: A total of 28 rats were randomly assigned to 4 experimental groups, with 7 individuals per group. Group I rats did not receive treatment. Group II rats were injected with alloxan (120 mg/kg body weight) for 2 consecutive days to induce diabetes. Group III rats were treated with alloxan (120 mg/kg body weight) and acarbose (5 mg/kg body weight) for 2 days. Group IV rats received alloxan (120 mg/kg body weight) and date seed extract (300 mg/kg body weight) for 2 days. Multiple biochemical markers, such as the enzymatic activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, the concentrations of C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), were measured. Oxidative stress parameters were also evaluated in hepatic and renal tissues, along with histopathological examinations. Results: The administration of date seed extract led to marked reductions in oral glucose tolerance test values, α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities, HbA1c, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase, and glutathione levels. The data suggest that the extract exerted significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, mitigating hepatic and renal damage and mass loss associated with alloxan-induced diabetes. Conclusion: The findings highlight the potential of date seed extract as a dietary supplement for individuals with compromised liver or kidney function.