Shura as an Accountability Mechanism in Islamic Governance: Implications for Brunei Darussalam

Abstract

This paper explores shura (consultation) as a foundational mechanism of accountability in Islamic governance and examines its conceptual relevance to the administrative context of Brunei Darussalam. In Islamic thought, shura is not merely advisory but a binding principle that restrains authority, institutionalises collective responsibility, and upholds justice. Together with amanah (trust) and hisab (divine reckoning), it forms an integrated accountability cycle that ensures leadership remains transparent, participatory, and ethically grounded. Historical precedents from early Islamic governance demonstrate that consultative processes were central to leadership succession and policy-making, embedding accountability within governance structures. Brunei’s governance system, guided by the national philosophy of Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB), integrates Malay culture, Islam, and monarchy as pillars of national identity. The Legislative Council (Majlis Mesyuarat Negara, MMN), established under the 1959 Constitution, embodies elements of shura through structured consultation, representation of societal sectors, and financial oversight. However, its appointment-based membership and advisory status limit its capacity. While MMN enhances transparency through public deliberations, ultimate authority remains vested in the Sultan; however, this arrangement reflects Brunei’s distinctive application of shura within the framework of Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB). By situating deliberations in the public domain, MMN strengthens accountability and demonstrates how consultation can coexist with monarchical authority, ensuring that governance remains both transparent and participatory. Employing a qualitative methodology, this study analyses classical Islamic texts, historical governance practices, and contemporary scholarship, applying them to Brunei’s administrative realities. It highlights the gap between symbolic consultation and enforceable accountability, proposing that strengthening shura through procedural reforms, transparent documentation, and civic participation could enhance inclusivity, ethical governance, and sustainable development. By bridging classical Islamic principles with contemporary administrative needs, this study contributes to ongoing efforts to enhance accountability and inclusive governance in Brunei Darussalam.