Thermal safety risks and eco-friendly energy technologies for underground lithium-ion electric vehicles

Abstract

The global growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has made underground garages high-risk for lithium-ion battery thermal incidents. Using PyroSim, a numerical model of a typical underground garage was set, and multiple cases were simulated to monitor temperature, CO concentration, and visibility. Results show pronounced coupled hazards: peak temperature >800°C, CO >400 ppm, and visibility <5 m within 200 s. Based on these findings, three mitigation strategies are proposed: solid-state batteries to reduce thermal runaway and toxic gas release, AI-based multi-parameter monitoring for early-stage warning, and waste-heat-driven catalytic purification to neutralize toxic smoke while ensuring emergency energy supply. These strategies support safe, green, and efficient underground EV operation.