Localization method integrating single-station long-baseline PDOA and multi-station TDOA

Abstract

Passive localization plays an important role in electronic warfare and target surveillance. Conventional single-measurement approaches based on Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) or Phase Difference of Arrival (PDOA) often suffer from limited positioning accuracy and poor robustness. To address the phase ambiguity problem in long-baseline single-station PDOA localization, a robust localization method that integrates long-baseline single-station PDOA with multi-station TDOA is proposed. In this method, PDOA observations serve as the core measurements, while coarse TDOA positioning combined with a Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) constraint is employed to compress the target search space. Consistency constraints are further introduced to construct a reliable candidate solution set, effectively suppressing noise-induced phase ambiguity errors. Subsequently, the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) iterative method is introduced to perform nonlinear optimization on multiple screened candidate initial values, and the optimal solution is selected according to the weighted residual cost function after convergence, ensuring stable convergence and achieving robust high-precision localization. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves positioning accuracy in typical scenarios and maintains strong stability and robustness under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions and in the presence of station position errors.