Entanglement Embezzlement from Diffusive Hydrodynamics

Abstract

Entanglement embezzlement asks how much entanglement can be borrowed from a many-body state by local operations and classical communication while returning that state with a small error. We uncover a conservation-law mechanism that redistributes the dominant probability mass of the Schmidt spectrum in the logarithmic Schmidt-rank coordinate and thereby controls this operational resource. For typical random pure states at fixed U(1) charge, we prove a finite-error conversion law: away from half filling, the charge bias converts $O(\sqrt L)$ charge fluctuations into $O(\sqrt L)$ borrowable entanglement, whereas particle--hole symmetry at half filling removes this contribution entirely. We then show how the resource develops dynamically in charge-conserving random circuits. Combining hydrodynamic analysis with large-scale replica tensor-network calculations, we find that diffusion broadens the operationally relevant distribution in the logarithmic Schmidt-rank coordinate on the scale $t^{1/4}$ and increases the amount of entanglement that can be borrowed. Charge transport therefore continues to reorganize the entanglement spectrum and activate embezzlement after the leading volume-law entropy has saturated.