An Integrated Multi-Input DC–DC Converter for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems in Electric Transportation

Abstract

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) require efficient power electronic converters to integrate multiple energy sources such as batteries, super capacitors, fuel cells, and photovoltaic systems. Multi-input DC-DC converters have emerged as an effective solution for improving energy management, reducing component count, increasing power density, and enhancing overall system efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the chronological development of multi-input DC-DC converter topologies for HEV applications. Both isolated and non-isolated converter configurations are analyzed with respect to their operating principles, advantages, disadvantages, voltage gain, efficiency, and application suitability. A comparative analysis of recently published converter topologies is presented, considering important performance parameters including efficiency, voltage gain, ripple characteristics, bidirectional power flow capability, power density, and thermal performance. Finally, current research trends such as wide-band gap semiconductor devices, intelligent control techniques, and integrated converter architectures are discussed to identify promising directions for future HEV power electronic systems.